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N5 · G43 Adjectives

い-adjectives (〜い/〜くない/〜かった)

Conjugating い-adjectives

い-adjectives end in い and change form by themselves: 〜い (present), 〜くない (negative), 〜かった (past) and 〜くなかった (past negative). Add です to any form to make it polite.

How to make it

RuleExample
Present: 〜い (+ です)
Negative: drop い + くない (+ です)
Past: drop い + かった (+ です)
Past negative: drop い + くなかった (+ です)

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. Describing something now

    Use the い or くない form with です to say what something is like.

    • kono hon wa takai desu.

      This book is expensive.

    • kyou wa samuku nai desu.

      It isn't cold today.

  2. 2. Before a noun

    Put the adjective straight before a noun, with nothing in between.

    • ookii kuruma o kaimashita.

      I bought a big car.

  3. 3. Talking about the past

    Change the adjective itself to かった or くなかった, then add です.

    • kinou wa totemo atsukatta desu.

      It was very hot yesterday.

    • ano resutoran wa oishiku nakatta desu.

      That restaurant wasn't good.

  4. 4. The irregular いい

    いい (good) uses よ for its other forms: よくない, よかった, よくなかった.

    • kinou wa tenki ga yokatta desu.

      The weather was good yesterday.

    • kono pen wa amari yoku nai desu.

      This pen isn't very good.

Nuance

Never put でした after an い-adjective: say 高かったです, not 高いでした. いい is irregular, and its other forms come from よい (よくない, よかった). Some な-adjectives such as きれい and ゆうめい end in い, so don't change them like this. 〜くありません is another polite negative that sounds a little more formal than 〜くないです.

Compared with

な-adjectives don't change themselves; they use じゃないです and でした. い-adjectives change their own ending.

〜くなる uses the same く form to say something becomes that way (さむくなりました = it got cold).

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

い-adjectives show the past themselves; でした is for nouns and な-adjectives.

Wrong

Right

いい is irregular, so its negative is よくない.

Wrong

Right

きれい is a な-adjective, so it doesn't change い to くない.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

Can I say 高いでした for 'was expensive'?

No. い-adjectives make the past by changing い to かった, so it is 高かったです. でした is used with nouns and な-adjectives.

Why does いい change to よくない and よかった?

いい comes from an older word, よい. The other forms are still built from よい, so you get よくない, よかった and よくなかった.

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