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N5 · G76 Time and sequence

もう

Already / (not) anymore

もう means "already" with a past or completed action, "not anymore" with a negative, and "more" before a number or amount (もう一つ).

How to make it

RuleExample
もう + verb ました
もう + negative
もう + number or 少し
Question: もう + verb ましたか

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. Already

    With a past verb or a time, もう says something has already happened or come earlier than expected.

    • mou gohan o tabemashita.

      I've already eaten.

    • sensei wa mou kaerimashita.

      The teacher has already gone home.

    • mou juuji desu yo.

      It's already ten o'clock!

  2. 2. Asking if something is done

    もう〜ましたか asks "Have you ... yet?". The answer is はい、もう〜ました or いいえ、まだです.

    • shukudai wa mou shimashita ka.

      Have you done your homework yet?

  3. 3. Not anymore

    With a negative, もう says something has stopped or there is none left.

    • mou okane ga arimasen.

      I have no money left.

    • ano mise ni wa mou ikimasen.

      I'm not going to that shop anymore.

  4. 4. More

    Before a number or an amount, もう means "one more" or "a little more".

    • mou hitotsu kudasai.

      One more, please.

    • mou sukoshi yukkuri hanashite kudasai.

      Please speak a little more slowly.

Nuance

If someone asks もう〜ましたか and you have not done it, answer いいえ、まだです, not いいえ、〜ませんでした. Don't mix up もう and もっと: もう comes before numbers (もう一つ), もっと before adjectives and verbs (もっと安い). Said on its own, もう! shows annoyance.

Compared with

まだ is the opposite of もう: "not yet" or "still". もう〜ましたか is answered with まだです when the answer is no.

いつも means "always" and describes habits; もう is about whether something has happened yet or has stopped.

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

The negative answer to もう〜ましたか is まだです, because you may still do it.

Wrong

Right

Before a number, use もう for "one more".

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

What is the difference between もう and まだ?

もう means "already" or "not anymore"; まだ means "still" or "not yet". They are often the question and answer pair: もう食べましたか → いいえ、まだです.

What is the difference between もう and もっと?

Both can mean "more". もう goes before numbers and amounts (もう一つ, もう少し); もっと goes before adjectives, adverbs and verbs (もっと大きい, もっと食べたい).

How do I say "not yet"?

Say まだです for a short answer, or まだ + verb ていません for a full sentence: まだ食べていません.

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