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N5 · G79 Time and sequence

〜ないで

Without doing ~

Verb ない-form + で, followed by another verb, means 'do B without doing A' or 'do B instead of A'.

How to make it

RuleExample
う-verbs: ない-form + で + main verb
る-verbs: ない-form + で + main verb
Irregular verbs

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. Doing something without doing A

    Show the state you were in when you did the main action, such as without eating or without an umbrella.

    • asagohan o tabenai de gakkou e ikimashita.

      I went to school without eating breakfast.

    • kasa o motanai de dekakemashita.

      I went out without an umbrella.

    • jisho o minai de, kono hon o yomimashita.

      I read this book without using a dictionary.

    • kinou wa shawaa o abinai de nemashita.

      Yesterday I went to bed without having a shower.

    • koohii ni satou o irenai de nomimasu.

      I drink coffee without sugar.

  2. 2. Doing B instead of A

    Say you chose one action instead of another.

    • nichiyoubi wa doko e mo ikanai de, uchi de yasumimashita.

      On Sunday I didn't go anywhere and rested at home instead.

    • basu ni noranai de, aruite ikimashou.

      Let's walk instead of taking the bus.

Nuance

The main action comes second, and its tense covers the whole sentence. Don't confuse this with 〜ないでください ('please don't'), which is a request. 〜なくて looks similar but gives a reason ('because ~ not'), so for 'without doing' always use ないで.

Compared with

ないでください asks someone not to do something. ないで + verb describes how an action was done.

The て-form is the positive version: 食べて行きます means 'eat and then go', and 食べないで行きます means 'go without eating'.

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

To say 'without doing', use ないで, not なくて.

Wrong

Right

Use the plain ない-form before で, not ません.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

What is the difference between ないで and なくて?

ないで means 'without doing' or 'instead of doing' and links to another action. なくて usually gives a reason, as in 'because ~ didn't happen'. For 'I went without eating', always use 食べないで.

Is ないで the same as ないでください?

No. ないでください is a request meaning 'please don't'. ないで followed by another verb describes how someone did that action.

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