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N5 · G75 Time and sequence

〜時

When ~ / at the time of ~

時 (とき) means 'when' or 'at the time of'. It follows a noun with の, a plain-form verb, an い-adjective, or a な-adjective with な, and tells you when the main action happens.

How to make it

RuleExample
Noun + の + 時
Verb plain form + 時
い-adjective + 時
な-adjective + な + 時

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. A period of time or life

    Say what happened during a time such as childhood or your student days.

    • kodomo no toki, yoku kawa de oyogimashita.

      When I was a child, I often swam in the river.

    • gakusei no toki, mainichi basu de gakkou ni ikimashita.

      When I was a student, I went to school by bus every day.

  2. 2. Whenever a situation happens

    Talk about what you usually do in a certain situation: when it is cold, when you are free.

    • hima na toki, nani o shimasu ka.

      What do you do when you're free?

    • samui toki wa, atatakai ocha o nomimasu.

      When it's cold, I drink hot tea.

    • hon o yomu toki, megane o kakemasu.

      I wear glasses when I read.

    • michi ga wakaranai toki wa, eki no hito ni kiite kudasai.

      If you don't know the way, please ask the station staff.

  3. 3. Before or after: 行く時 and 行った時

    The verb before 時 shows order. Dictionary form means the action had not happened yet; た-form means it had already happened.

    • nihon ni iku toki, kamera o kaimashita.

      I bought a camera before going to Japan.

    • nihon ni itta toki, kamera o kaimashita.

      I bought a camera when I was in Japan.

Nuance

Never put だ before 時: say 子どもの時 and ひまな時. The tense of the main verb at the end decides past or present; the verb before 時 only shows which came first. In real writing, とき meaning 'when' is very often written in hiragana.

Compared with

前に clearly means 'before'. Dictionary form + 時 can also mean 'on the way to', but 前に is clearer for simple order.

てから means 'after doing A, then B', focusing on order. た時 means 'at the time when A had happened'.

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

A noun needs の before 時.

Wrong

Right

ひま is a な-adjective, so it keeps な before 時.

Wrong

Right

い-adjectives go straight before 時, with no の.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

What is the difference between 行く時 and 行った時?

行く時 means before you arrive or on the way: 日本に行く時 is before or while travelling to Japan. 行った時 means once you were there: 日本に行った時 is while you were in Japan.

Should I write 時 or とき?

Both are correct. 時 in kanji is common in textbooks, while とき in hiragana is very common in everyday writing when it means 'when'.

Does the sentence have to be in the past?

No. The ending decides the tense: さむい時、おちゃを飲みます is a habit, and 子どもの時、およぎました is past. 時 itself has no tense.

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