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N5 · G78 Time and sequence

〜てある

Has been done (and left that way)

Transitive verb て-form + ある describes a state that someone created on purpose and left that way: "has been done". The thing usually takes が.

How to make it

RuleExample
Transitive verb て-form + あります
Thing + が + て-form + あります
Thing + は + て-form + あります (topic)

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. Describing a state someone set up

    Say what you can see now, as the result of someone's action: the window has been opened, a calendar has been put up.

    • mado ga akete arimasu.

      The window has been opened (and left open).

    • heya no denki ga tsukete arimasu.

      The light in the room has been left on.

    • tsukue no ue ni hana ga oite arimasu.

      Some flowers have been placed on the desk.

    • kabe ni karendaa ga hatte arimasu.

      A calendar has been put up on the wall.

  2. 2. Things prepared in advance

    Say that something is already done and ready, often with もう.

    • paatii no biiru wa mou katte arimasu.

      The beer for the party has already been bought.

    • bangohan wa mou tsukutte arimasu.

      Dinner has already been made.

  3. 3. Saying what is written

    書いてある is the everyday way to say "it says ~" about a sign, note or book.

    • kono nooto ni namae ga kaite arimasu.

      There is a name written in this notebook.

    • ano kami ni nani ga kaite arimasu ka.

      What is written on that piece of paper?

Nuance

てある only works with transitive verbs (verbs that take を, like あける, つける, 書く). It hints that a person did it on purpose, but the person is not mentioned. To describe a state without that idea, use an intransitive verb + ている: まどがあいています (the window is open).

Compared with

Intransitive verb + ている just describes a state (まどがあいています). Transitive verb + てある adds that someone did it on purpose.

Transitive verb + ている usually means an action in progress (まどをあけています: someone is opening it), not a result.

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

あく is intransitive, so it cannot take てある; use the transitive あける.

Wrong

Right

The name does not write itself, so the resulting state of 書く is 書いてある.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

What is the difference between てある and ている?

Transitive verb + てある shows a result someone set up on purpose: まどがあけてあります. Intransitive verb + ている just describes the state: まどがあいています.

Can I use てある with any verb?

No. Only transitive verbs that change something, like あける, つける, 書く, おく and はる. Verbs like あく, いく or ねる don't work.

Who did the action?

てある does not say. It focuses on the result, so the doer is usually unknown or not important.

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