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N5 · G55 Requests, permission and rules

〜なければなりません

Must / have to ~

Verb ない-form minus ない + なければなりません means 'must' or 'have to'. It shows a duty or something necessary, and sounds fairly formal.

How to make it

RuleExample
う-verbs: ない-form minus ない + なければなりません
る-verbs: ない-form minus ない + なければなりません
Irregular verbs
Plain form: 〜なければならない

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. Rules and duties

    Talk about rules or things that must be done, such as at school or work.

    • gakkou de wa kutsu o nuganakereba narimasen.

      At school you have to take off your shoes.

    • kono hon wa kinyoubi ni kaesanakereba narimasen.

      I have to return this book on Friday.

    • kono kusuri wa mainichi nomanakereba narimasen.

      You have to take this medicine every day.

  2. 2. Personal necessity

    Say what you yourself need to do, for example because of a plan or a deadline.

    • ashita wa rokuji ni okinakereba narimasen.

      I have to get up at six tomorrow.

    • mainichi nihongo o benkyou shinakereba narimasen.

      I must study Japanese every day.

    • kyou wa hayaku kaeranakereba narimasen.

      I have to go home early today.

  3. 3. Asking if something is necessary

    Add か to ask 'Do I have to ~?'.

    • koko ni namae o kakanakereba narimasen ka.

      Do I have to write my name here?

Nuance

なければなりません sounds a little formal and is common in writing, rules and polite speech. In everyday conversation people often say 〜ないといけない or, with friends, 〜なくちゃ. To say 'you don't have to', use 〜なくてもいいです. 'すみません、もう行かなければなりません' is a polite way to excuse yourself.

Compared with

ないといけない means the same but sounds more like everyday speech. なければなりません is more formal.

なくてはいけない is another way to say 'must' with almost the same meaning. It is common in speech too.

なくてもいいです is the opposite: 'you don't have to'. Use it to answer いいえ to a なければなりませんか question.

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

Start from the ない-form (行かない), not the ます-stem.

Wrong

Right

する becomes し before なければ, because its ない-form is しない.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

Is なければなりません polite?

Yes, it is polite and a little formal. In casual speech people say なければならない, ないといけない or なくちゃ.

How do I say 'I don't have to' in Japanese?

Use 〜なくてもいいです, for example 行かなくてもいいです. It's the natural answer when the reply to a なければなりませんか question is no.

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