Sign in to study

Reviews, practice drills, mock tests and progress tracking are free with a Google account. Sign in to start, and your progress is saved on every device.

N5 · G60 Requests, permission and rules

〜なくてはいけない/〜なくてはならない

Must ~ / Have to ~

〜なくてはいけない and 〜なくてはならない mean "must ~" or "have to ~". Make the ない-form, change ない to なくて, then add はいけない or はならない.

How to make it

RuleExample
ない-form (ない → なくて) + はいけません
ない-form (ない → なくて) + はなりません
Irregular verbs: しない/こない

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. Personal obligation

    Say what you have to do because of your own situation, such as homework or an early start.

    • ashita wa hayaku okinakute wa ikemasen.

      I have to get up early tomorrow.

    • shukudai o shinakute wa ikemasen.

      I have to do my homework.

    • kyou wa byouin e ikanakute wa ikemasen.

      I have to go to the hospital today.

    • haha ni denwa o kakenakute wa ikemasen.

      I have to call my mother.

    • kono hon wa doyoubi ni kaesanakute wa ikemasen.

      I have to return this book on Saturday.

    • mou ikanakute wa ikenai.

      I have to go now. (casual)

  2. 2. Rules and general duties

    With はならない, the sentence sounds like a rule or a duty that applies to everyone.

    • nihon de wa kuruma wa hidari o hashiranakute wa narimasen.

      In Japan, cars must drive on the left.

    • gakusei wa mainichi gakkou ni konakute wa narimasen.

      Students must come to school every day.

Nuance

The grammar literally says "if you don't do it, it's no good", which is why it means "must". はいけない is common in everyday speech for personal duties, while はならない sounds more formal or like a general rule. In casual speech people shorten it to 〜なくちゃ. The meaning is the same as 〜なければなりません.

Compared with

Same meaning. なければ is slightly more formal and very common in writing; なくては is a little softer and more spoken.

Also "must", and the most casual of the three in conversation.

The opposite idea: "you don't have to".

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

The ない of the ない-form changes to なくて, not ないて.

Wrong

Right

The pattern uses は; なくても belongs to なくてもいい (don't have to).

Wrong

Right

The ending must be negative: いけません or なりません.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

What is the difference between なくてはいけない and なくてはならない?

The meaning is the same. いけない sounds more personal and conversational, while ならない sounds like a rule, a duty or formal writing.

Is it the same as なければならない?

Yes, all mean "must". なければならない is a little more formal; なくてはいけない is very common in speech.

Is there a shorter casual form?

Yes. Friends often say 〜なくちゃ (行かなくちゃ), which is short for 〜なくてはいけない.

More in Requests, permission and rules

Spotted a mistake? Report it.

More