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N5 · G11 Sentence basics

〜だ (plain copula)

Is / am / are (casual)

だ is the plain, casual form of です. You put it after nouns and な-adjectives when talking to friends and family, and inside longer sentences such as 〜だと思います.

How to make it

RuleExample
Noun + だ
な-adjective + だ
Past: だった / Negative: じゃない
い-adjectives take no だ

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. Casual statements

    With friends and family, だ replaces です at the end of a sentence about a noun or な-adjective.

    • kyou wa yasumi da.

      Today is a day off.

    • ano hito wa boku no sensei da yo.

      That person is my teacher.

    • kono mise wa shizuka da.

      This shop is quiet.

    • kinou wa ame datta.

      It was rainy yesterday.

    • sore wa boku no kasa ja nai.

      That's not my umbrella.

  2. 2. Plain form inside a sentence

    Some patterns need the plain form, such as 〜と思います and 〜から. Nouns and な-adjectives use だ there, even in polite speech.

    • yamakawa san wa gakusei da to omoimasu.

      I think Mr Yamakawa is a student.

    • ashita wa yasumi da kara, tomodachi ni au.

      Tomorrow is a day off, so I'll meet a friend.

Nuance

だ on its own can sound blunt or strong, so in real conversation people often soften it with よ or ね (雨だよ、きれいだね), or drop it. Never use だ with teachers, customers or people you have just met; use です. In casual questions, だ usually disappears: 学生? not 学生だか?.

Compared with

です is the polite version. だ means the same thing but is for casual speech and the plain form inside sentences.

い-adjectives are already complete in plain form, so they never take だ: 高い, not 高いだ.

だ states something as fact. だろう is the casual "probably", the plain form of でしょう.

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

い-adjectives never take だ.

Wrong

Right

だ and です are the same word in casual and polite style, so never use both together.

Wrong

Right

A noun before とおもいます needs だ.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

Is だ rude in Japanese?

Not rude, but casual and quite firm. It is fine with friends and family. With anyone you should be polite to, use です.

Do I have to end casual sentences with だ?

No. Many people drop だ or soften it with よ or ね, for example 今日は休み! or 休みだよ. Questions in casual speech almost never use だ.

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