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N5 · G03 Sentence basics

〜でした

Was / were (past polite)

でした is the past form of です. Put it after a noun or a な-adjective to say politely that something was something, or was in a certain state.

How to make it

RuleExample
Noun + でした
な-adjective + でした
Past negative: Noun / な-adjective + じゃなかったです (or ではありませんでした)
い-adjectives do not use でした: い → かったです

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. Saying what someone or something was

    Use noun + でした for jobs, roles or what a place used to be.

    • chichi wa sensei deshita.

      My father was a teacher.

    • koko wa mae, ginkou deshita.

      This place used to be a bank.

    • kinoshita san wa gakusei ja nakatta desu.

      Ms Kinoshita was not a student.

  2. 2. Describing a past state

    Use な-adjective + でした to say how something was, for example quiet, easy or lively.

    • ano resutoran wa shizuka deshita.

      That restaurant was quiet.

    • tesuto wa kantan deshita.

      The test was easy.

  3. 3. Past weather, days and events

    Talk about what the weather or a day was like, or ask how something went with どうでしたか.

    • senshuu wa ame deshita.

      It was rainy last week.

    • kinou wa yasumi deshita.

      Yesterday was a day off.

    • paatii wa dou deshita ka.

      How was the party?

Nuance

でした is polite. In casual speech the same idea is だった. The most common learner slip is putting でした after an い-adjective: say さむかったです, not さむいでした. For verbs, the past is ました, not でした.

Compared with

だ is the casual version of です, and its past is だった. でした is the polite past you use with people you don't know well.

ました is the polite past for verbs (食べました). でした is for nouns and な-adjectives.

い-adjectives make their own past with かった, then add です: 高かったです.

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

い-adjectives change い to かった for the past; they never take でした.

Wrong

Right

The past negative is じゃなかったです (or ではありませんでした), not じゃないでした.

Wrong

Right

Verbs use ました for the past; でした is only for nouns and な-adjectives.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

What is the difference between でした and だった?

They mean the same thing: was. でした is polite, for teachers, strangers and anyone you use です with. だった is casual, for friends and family.

Can I use でした with い-adjectives?

No. い-adjectives have their own past form: change い to かった and add です, as in おいしかったです. おいしいでした is a very common mistake.

How do I say 'was not' politely?

Use じゃなかったです, or the more formal ではありませんでした. For example, テストはかんたんじゃなかったです means the test was not easy.

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