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Grammar

Japanese Noun Sentences for JLPT N5: は, です, の and More

Learn N5 noun sentences step by step: Japanese は and です, negative and past forms, questions with か, も, the の particle, これ and この, と and や, and noun + で.

Updated First published 9 min read By

Almost every first lesson in Japanese starts with noun sentences: “I am a student”, “This is my book”, “Is that your umbrella?”. They need only a few words, は, です, か, も and の, but those words turn up throughout the JLPT N5 grammar and reading questions. This guide covers each N5 noun pattern with short examples you can read aloud, then links you to the grammar pages and practice questions on the site.

Quick reference

PatternExampleMeaningGrammar page
A は B ですわたしは学生です。I am a student.〜は〜です
A は B ではありませんわたしは先生ではありません。I am not a teacher.〜じゃないです/〜ではありません
A は B でしたきのうは休みでした。Yesterday was a day off.〜でした
A は B ですかこれは何ですか。What is this?〜は〜ですか
A も B ですキムさんも学生です。Kim is a student too.〜も〜
A の Bわたしの本my book〜の〜
A と B / A や B父と母my father and mother〜と〜, 〜や〜など
A で、B です父はいしゃで、母は先生です。My father is a doctor and my mother is a teacher.below

Grammar words used here: you only need a few labels for this guide. A noun names a person, thing, place or time (学生, 本, 日本, 今日). A particle is a small word after a noun that shows its job (は, も, の, と, か). です is the polite “is/am/are”; its casual form is だ. Japanese also has い-adjectives and な-adjectives, and な-adjectives follow the same です patterns as nouns.

Noun は noun です: “X is Y”

Pattern: A は B です. “A is B.”

は marks the topic, the thing you are talking about. Everything after it says something about that topic. When は is a particle it is pronounced wa, not ha. です at the end makes the sentence polite. Full explanation: 〜は〜です.

  1. わたしは学生です。
    わたしは がくせいです。 Watashi wa gakusei desu.
    I am a student.
  2. 中山さんは先生です。
    なかやまさんは せんせいです。 Nakayama-san wa sensei desu.
    Nakayama-san is a teacher.
  3. 今日は休みです。
    きょうは やすみです。 Kyou wa yasumi desu.
    Today is a day off.

Two things to notice. First, Japanese has no “a” or “the” and no plural ending: 学生 is “student”, “a student” or “students” depending on context. Second, once the topic is clear, Japanese drops it. If someone asks what you do, the natural answer is just 学生です, not わたしは学生です every time.

Casual style. With friends, です becomes だ (学生だ), and in speech it is often dropped altogether. For the N5 exam, focus on the polite です forms, but recognise だ when you see it. Pick one style per conversation and stay with it.

Negative and past: ではありません, でした

A noun sentence has four basic forms. The polite forms are the ones to learn first; the じゃ forms are the same words contracted, and they are what you will hear most in conversation.

PolitePolite, spokenCasual
is学生です学生だ
is not学生ではありません学生じゃありません / 学生じゃないです学生じゃない
was学生でした学生だった
was not学生ではありませんでした学生じゃありませんでした / 学生じゃなかったです学生じゃなかった

All forms in one row mean the same thing. では is read dewa, and じゃ is its spoken short form. Grammar pages: 〜じゃないです/〜ではありません and 〜でした.

  1. わたしは先生ではありません。
    わたしは せんせいでは ありません。 Watashi wa sensei dewa arimasen.
    I am not a teacher.
  2. きのうは休みでした。
    きのうは やすみでした。 Kinou wa yasumi deshita.
    Yesterday was a day off.
  3. きのうは雨じゃなかったです。
    きのうは あめじゃ なかったです。 Kinou wa ame ja nakatta desu.
    It wasn’t raining yesterday. (literally “Yesterday was not rain.”)

Questions with か

Pattern: A は B ですか. “Is A B?”

Add か to the end of a polite sentence and it becomes a question. The word order does not change, and in speech your voice rises at the end. In careful writing a question ends with 。, though ? is common in everyday writing. Grammar page: 〜は〜ですか.

  1. 中山さんは日本人ですか。 ……はい、そうです。
    なかやまさんは にほんじんですか。 はい、そうです。 Nakayama-san wa nihonjin desu ka. Hai, sou desu.
    Is Nakayama-san Japanese? Yes, she is.
  2. キムさんは学生ですか。 ……いいえ、学生じゃありません。
    キムさんは がくせいですか。 いいえ、がくせいじゃ ありません。 Kimu-san wa gakusei desu ka. Iie, gakusei ja arimasen.
    Is Kim a student? No, he isn’t.
  3. これは何ですか。 ……それはじしょです。
    これは なんですか。 それは じしょです。 Kore wa nan desu ka. Sore wa jisho desu.
    What is this? It’s a dictionary.

For “who” use だれ (or the polite どなた): あの人はだれですか, “Who is that person?”. Question words like 何 and だれ go where the answer will go, so the answer simply replaces them.

は and も: “too” and “either”

Pattern: A も B です. “A is B too.”

も means “also” or “too”, and it takes the place of は. In a negative sentence it means “either”. Grammar pages: 〜も〜 and, for “both A and B”, 〜も〜も.

  1. わたしは学生です。キムさんも学生です。
    わたしは がくせいです。 キムさんも がくせいです。 Watashi wa gakusei desu. Kimu-san mo gakusei desu.
    I am a student. Kim is a student too.
  2. マリアさんは日本人じゃありません。わたしも日本人じゃありません。
    マリアさんは にほんじんじゃ ありません。 わたしも にほんじんじゃ ありません。 Maria-san wa nihonjin ja arimasen. Watashi mo nihonjin ja arimasen.
    Maria isn’t Japanese. I’m not Japanese either.
  3. 今日は休みです。あしたも休みです。
    きょうは やすみです。 あしたも やすみです。 Kyou wa yasumi desu. Ashita mo yasumi desu.
    Today is a day off. Tomorrow is a day off too.

も attaches to the word that is “also” true. キムさんも学生です means Kim, as well as me, is a student. It does not mean Kim is a student as well as something else.

The の particle

Pattern: A の B. The first noun describes the second.

The の particle links two nouns. The noun after の is the main thing; the noun before it says whose it is, what kind it is or where it is from. English translates it in many ways: “‘s”, “of”, “from”, or just two nouns side by side. Grammar page: 〜の〜.

UseExampleMeaning
Ownerわたしの本 / 先生のかさmy book / the teacher’s umbrella
Kind or content日本語の本 / 日本語の先生a Japanese (language) book / a Japanese teacher
Origin or place日本の車 / 大学の先生a car from Japan / a university teacher
Same personともだちのキムさんmy friend Kim
  1. これはわたしの本です。
    これは わたしの ほんです。 Kore wa watashi no hon desu.
    This is my book.
  2. 中山さんは日本語の先生です。
    なかやまさんは にほんごの せんせいです。 Nakayama-san wa nihongo no sensei desu.
    Nakayama-san is a Japanese teacher.
  3. こちらはともだちのキムさんです。
    こちらは ともだちの キムさんです。 Kochira wa tomodachi no Kimu-san desu.
    This is my friend Kim.

の on its own: “mine”, “the teacher’s”

When the second noun is already clear, leave it out and keep の. This is how you say “mine”, “yours” and “whose”.

  1. そのかさはわたしのです。
    その かさは わたしのです。 Sono kasa wa watashi no desu.
    That umbrella is mine.
  2. それはだれのですか。
    それは だれのですか。 Sore wa dare no desu ka.
    Whose is that?

これ, それ, あれ and この, その, あの

Japanese has two sets of “this” and “that” words, and the N5 exam tests the difference.

Near meNear youOver thereQuestion
Stands aloneこれそれあれどれ (which one)
Before a nounこの + nounその + nounあの + nounどの + noun (which)

これ, それ and あれ are pronouns: they replace the noun. この, その and あの cannot stand alone; a noun must follow straight after.

  1. これはわたしのかばんです。
    これは わたしの かばんです。 Kore wa watashi no kaban desu.
    This is my bag.
  2. この本は先生のです。
    この ほんは せんせいのです。 Kono hon wa sensei no desu.
    This book is the teacher’s.
  3. あの人はだれですか。
    あの ひとは だれですか。 Ano hito wa dare desu ka.
    Who is that person over there?

Notice example 2 uses both: この before 本, and の on its own at the end.

Joining nouns with と and や

Pattern: A と B (“A and B”, the full list) or A や B (“A, B and so on”, some examples).

と joins nouns when you name everything. や gives a few examples from a longer list, often with など (“and so on”) after the last one. Neither joins verbs, adjectives or whole sentences. Grammar pages: 〜と〜 and 〜や〜など.

  1. 父と母は先生です。
    ちちと ははは せんせいです。 Chichi to haha wa sensei desu.
    My father and mother are teachers.
  2. 魚とやさいを買いました。
    さかなと やさいを かいました。 Sakana to yasai o kaimashita.
    I bought fish and vegetables. (that’s all)
  3. かばんの中に本やノートなどがあります。
    かばんの なかに ほんや ノートなどが あります。 Kaban no naka ni hon ya nooto nado ga arimasu.
    There are books, notebooks and other things in my bag.

と also means “with” a person: ともだちと, “with a friend”. The と grammar page covers both uses.

Noun + で: joining two noun sentences

Pattern: A は B で、C です. “A is B, and C.”

To join two noun sentences into one, change the first です to で. It works like the て-form of verbs (〜て): only the last part of the sentence shows politeness and tense.

  1. 中山さんは日本人で、先生です。
    なかやまさんは にほんじんで、せんせいです。 Nakayama-san wa nihonjin de, sensei desu.
    Nakayama-san is Japanese and a teacher.
  2. 父はいしゃで、母は先生です。
    ちちは いしゃで、ははは せんせいです。 Chichi wa isha de, haha wa sensei desu.
    My father is a doctor and my mother is a teacher.
  3. きのうはにちようびで、休みでした。
    きのうは にちようびで、やすみでした。 Kinou wa nichiyoubi de, yasumi deshita.
    Yesterday was Sunday and a day off.

In example 3, で has no tense of its own; でした at the end makes the whole sentence past.

When the two halves contrast, use が or けど instead. で simply adds facts side by side. For “but”, end the first sentence with ですが or ですけど (〜けど/〜が):

  1. キムさんは学生ですが、わたしは学生じゃありません。
    キムさんは がくせいですが、わたしは がくせいじゃ ありません。 Kimu-san wa gakusei desu ga, watashi wa gakusei ja arimasen.
    Kim is a student, but I’m not.
  2. 今日は休みですけど、あしたはしごとです。
    きょうは やすみですけど、あしたは しごとです。 Kyou wa yasumi desu kedo, ashita wa shigoto desu.
    Today is a day off, but tomorrow I’m working.

Common mistakes

Common mistakes:

  • Reading は as “ha”. As a particle it is always wa: わたしは is watashi wa.
  • Using は and も together. わたしはも学生です is wrong. Say わたしも学生です.
  • Reversing の. The owner or describer comes first. “The teacher’s book” is 先生の本, not 本の先生.
  • Dropping の between nouns. “Japanese teacher” is 日本語の先生, not 日本語先生.
  • この without a noun. このは本です is wrong. Use これは本です, or この本は… with a noun.
  • Using と to join sentences or verbs. と joins nouns only. To join two noun sentences, use で; to say “but”, use が or けど.
  • Using で for “but”. キムさんは学生で、わたしは学生じゃありません sounds unnatural. Use ですが or ですけど.
  • Mixing styles. Don’t jump between です and だ with the same person in one conversation.

Practise these patterns

Reading about particles helps, but they stick when you use them. Try this order:

  1. Read each grammar page linked above. Every one has formation rules, more examples and a short quiz. All 89 N5 points are on the grammar list.
  2. Answer exam-style questions. Grammar form practice asks you to choose the right particle or ending, exactly like the first part of the N5 grammar section. Sentence assembly has you put four pieces in order, which tests の, は and も word order directly.
  3. Learn the nouns. These patterns are only as useful as the words you put in them. The lessons teach grammar alongside the words that go with it, and the study app schedules reviews so you remember them. For the full word list, see the JLPT N5 vocabulary guide.
  4. Say them aloud about your own life. Describe your family with の and で, then ask questions with か. Five sentences a day is enough.

For where grammar fits in the exam as a whole, read the complete JLPT N5 guide, and to fit these patterns into a weekly schedule, see the JLPT N5 study plan.

Frequently asked questions

How do you say "X is Y" in Japanese?

Use X は Y です. は (pronounced wa) marks the topic and です politely says what it is: わたしは学生です (Watashi wa gakusei desu) means "I am a student". In casual speech です becomes だ or is dropped.

What does the の particle mean in Japanese?

の joins two nouns, and the first one describes the second: わたしの本 (my book), 日本語の本 (a Japanese book), 日本の車 (a car from Japan), ともだちのキムさん (my friend Kim). It can also stand for a noun that is already clear: それはわたしのです means "That is mine".

What is the difference between ではありません and じゃありません?

They mean the same thing, "is not". ではありません is slightly more formal and common in writing; じゃありません and じゃないです are the everyday spoken versions. Both appear on the JLPT N5, so learn to recognise all of them.

What is the difference between は and も?

は marks the topic; も means "also" or "too" and takes the place of は. キムさんも学生です means "Kim is a student too". Never use both together: わたしはも is wrong. In a negative sentence も means "either": わたしも日本人じゃありません, "I'm not Japanese either".

What is the difference between これ and この?

これ, それ and あれ are pronouns and stand on their own: これは本です (This is a book). この, その and あの must come right before a noun: この本はわたしのです (This book is mine). これ本 and このは are both wrong.

About the author

Kenneth is a software engineer in Brisbane studying for the JLPT N5, and built Nihongomachi to prepare for it. A learner, not a teacher: word, kanji and grammar data is checked against the Tanos lists, KANJIDIC and JLPT Sensei's N5 list, and exam facts against jlpt.jp.

kennethau.com

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