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N5 · G25 Particles

〜や〜など

Things like ~ and ~

AやBなど lists a few examples from a longer list: 'A, B and so on' or 'things like A and B'. や shows there are other items too, and など ('etc.') makes that clearer.

How to make it

RuleExample
Noun + や + Noun
Noun + や + Noun + など
〜や〜など + particle (が/を/へ)

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. Giving examples from a longer list

    Name two or three items to stand for a bigger group, without listing everything.

    • mise de ringo ya banana o kaimashita.

      I bought apples, bananas and other things at the shop.

    • kaban no naka ni hon ya nooto nado ga arimasu.

      There are books, notebooks and so on in my bag.

    • yasumi no hi wa tenisu ya sakkaa nado o shimasu.

      On my days off I play things like tennis and soccer.

    • nihon ya chuugoku nado e ikitai desu.

      I want to go to places like Japan and China.

    • reizouko ni wa gyuunyuu ya tamago nado ga arimasu.

      There's milk, eggs and so on in the fridge.

  2. 2. など after one noun

    など after a single noun means 'something like ~' and makes a suggestion sound softer.

    • bangohan no ato de, koohii nado o nomimasen ka.

      Would you like a coffee or something after dinner?

Nuance

や only joins nouns; to list actions, use 〜たり〜たりします. と gives a complete list ('A and B, nothing else'), while や suggests there are more. など is optional after や, but adding it makes the 'and so on' feeling clearer. When you use など after only one noun, it softens what you say.

Compared with

と lists everything (りんごとバナナ = apples and bananas, that's all). や gives only some examples.

たり〜たり gives examples of actions. や does the same job for nouns.

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

や only joins nouns; to list actions, use 〜たり〜たりします.

Wrong

Right

When you give the complete list, use と; や means there are others too.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

What is the difference between や and と?

と lists all the items, so nothing else is included. や gives a few examples and suggests there are other things too.

Do I always need など after や?

No, など is optional. It makes the 'and other things' meaning clearer, so it is very common, but りんごやバナナを買いました is also fine.

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