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N5 · G26 Particles

〜か〜か

Either ~ or ~ / Whether ~ or ~

か between two options means "or": AかB is "A or B". Used twice, as in AかBか, it lists choices or means "whether A or B".

How to make it

RuleExample
Noun + か + Noun
Noun + か + Noun + か
Verb plain form + か + Verb plain form + か
Sentence ending in か + Sentence ending in か

Meaning and examples

  1. 1. A or B (choice)

    AかB offers or describes a choice between two (or more) things.

    • koohii ka koucha o kudasai.

      Coffee or tea, please.

    • nichiyoubi wa, eiga o miru ka hon o yomimasu.

      On Sundays I watch a film or read a book.

    • pen ka enpitsu de kaite kudasai.

      Please write with a pen or a pencil.

    • getsuyoubi ka kayoubi ni kite kudasai.

      Please come on Monday or Tuesday.

  2. 2. Asking someone to choose

    Two questions in a row, each ending in か, ask the listener which one is true.

    • densha de ikimasu ka, basu de ikimasu ka.

      Are you going by train or by bus?

    • sono mizu wa tsumetai desu ka, atsui desu ka.

      Is that water cold or hot?

  3. 3. Whether or not

    Verb か Verb-negative か means "whether or not", for things you have not decided or do not know yet.

    • ashita iku ka ikanai ka, mada wakarimasen.

      I don't know yet whether I'll go tomorrow or not.

Nuance

か for "or" is used for choices, while や and と are for lists where both are true. When a particle follows the last option, it usually goes after the whole group: コーヒーかこうちゃを. To ask "A or B?" politely, use two full questions (〜ですか、〜ですか) rather than one か in the middle. または also means "or" but sounds formal and written.

Compared with

AとB means "A and B", both of them. AかB means "A or B", only one of them.

や lists examples that are all true (A, B and so on). か gives a choice where only one is true.

A single か at the end makes a yes/no question. Two か questions together ask the listener to pick one.

Common mistakes

Wrong

Right

Put を once, after the last option; か goes straight after the first noun.

Wrong

Right

When asking someone to choose, both questions end in か.

Wrong

Right

For "whether or not", the second verb is the negative form.

Practice

JLPT style: choose the best answer for ( ).

FAQ

What is the difference between か and と for lists?

と means "and": you want or have both. か means "or": only one of them. コーヒーとこうちゃ is both drinks, but コーヒーかこうちゃ is one of them.

Where does the particle go after AかB?

Usually after the last item, covering both: コーヒーかこうちゃを飲みます. You do not need を after each one.

How do I say "whether or not" in Japanese?

Use the plain verb, か, the negative plain verb, and か again: 来るか来ないか (whether they come or not).

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